References
Google: Handshapes for American Sign Language.
CS handshapes differ from ASL handshapes in that they:
- use only one hand
- fingers point to mouth, chin, throat, or side
- hand presents palm toward body of the cuer.
Koo, Daniel S. and Supalla,Ted: Psycholiguistic Study of Phonological Processes in Deaf Adult Cuers; in LaSasso et al.
Krakowiak, Kazimiera; (1995): Cued Speech in Poland: NCSA.com
List words – www.morewords.com,
LaSasso, Carol J.; Crain, Kelly Lamar; Leybaert, Jacqueline; editors (2010):
Cued Speech and Cued Language for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children.
San Diego, CA. Plural Publishing.
Padden, Carol, Early Bilingual Lives of Deaf Children; in Parasnis (ed.).
Padden, Carol and Gunsauls,Darline; (2003); How the Alphabet Came to Be Used in a
Sign Language. Sign Language Studies, Vol.4, No.1.
Parasnis, Ila, ed.(1996): Cultural and Language Diversity and the Deaf Experience.
New York, Cambridge University Press.
Roffe, Sarina, The Dumbing Down of Language,(2006) cuedspeech.org/pdfs/article
The framework for proposals was shaped by
Diamond, Jared; (1997): Guns, Germs and Steel. NY, W.W.Norton.
Diamond reports that the alphabet, several thousand years ago in the fertile valley of the mideast, was invented once only and by one person. All alphabets can be traced to that one invention. The relevance of this is that Cued Speech is also a unique invention by one person.
Goodman, Paul; (1971): Speaking and Language: Defence of Poetry. NY, Random House.
Goodman acknowledges rule governed patterning in language while also explaining how individual variability and ambiguities enable linguistic vitality and change.
Krause, J.C.&Tessler,M.P. (2011) NCSA Dictionary of Cued Speech for American English. National Cued Speech Association.
Cue notation made this website possible.
Lanier, Jared; (2010): You Are Not a Gadget. NY, Vintage Books.
Lanier is a well qualified observer of how, (to the disadvantage of their users), software programs can get locked in. The relevance of this to Cued Speech is first, that it is practical to maintain an experimental mode for new handshapes as long as possible, and second, to support every effort to make experimental handshapes and electronic cueing mutually supportive.
Liberman, A.M., Cooper, F.S., Shankweiler, D.P., Studdert-Kennedy, M.,(1967)
Perception of the Speech Code, Psychological Review, v.74,no.6
In speech sound spectrography and synthetic speech the writers found that a complex code mediates perception of speech sound because, in normal conversational speech, the rate of changing acoustic events is greater than can be perceived by hearing persons. A manual code which groups phonemes partially imitates the complexity of codes which mediate auditory perception of speech sound.
Pinker, Steven; (1994)
The Language Instinct, How the Mind Creates Language. NY, Harper Collins.
Pinker gives a brief history of the development of (spontaneously) standardized Nicaraguan sign language as a “collective product of many children communicating with each other.” He also says “Educators at various points in history have tried to invent sign systems, sometimes based on the surrounding spoken language. But these crude codes are always unlearnable.” Pinker makes no specific mention of either Cued Speech or manual alphabet.